Which of the following is included in the definition of soil health?

Soil health is a comprehensive concept that encompasses the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, which can be assessed to determine its capacity to function effectively as a living ecosystem. Among the various factors that contribute to soil health, biological activity is a crucial component.

Biological activity refers to the presence and functioning of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and other microorganisms that contribute to soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and structural stability. A healthy level of biological activity indicates that the soil is thriving and can support plant growth, maintain ecosystem functions, and improve resilience against pests and diseases.

When considering other aspects like chemical pollution levels or industrial development, they are not inherently indicators of soil health. They might negatively impact soil quality but do not represent a measure of health in the same way that biological activity does. Similarly, while human intervention can be a factor in managing or restoring soil health, it is not part of the core definition. Thus, biological activity stands out as the essential characteristic of a healthy soil ecosystem.