Which soil order has high levels of Iron and Aluminum minerals?

Oxisols are characterized by their high levels of iron and aluminum minerals, which contribute to their distinct reddish color and strong weathering processes. These soils are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions and are formed under conditions of intense weathering and leaching. The high concentration of iron and aluminum oxides in Oxisols often leads to low nutrient availability for plants, as essential nutrients get leached away due to heavy rainfall, a common characteristic of the climates where Oxisols are found.

This order of soil is crucial in understanding tropical ecosystems and agriculture, as it influences land use and farming practices in these regions. Oxisols are typically well-drained and possess a low cation exchange capacity, meaning they may require careful management to maintain soil fertility for agricultural purposes.

In contrast, Histosols are organic soils found in wetland areas, primarily composed of decomposed plant material; Vertisols are clay-rich soils that are prone to swelling and cracking; and Gelisols are cold, permafrost-affected soils. None of these soil orders contain the high levels of iron and aluminum minerals that define Oxisols.